1
From: "Human Potential & Development."
Split Justification: Development fundamentally involves both our inner landscape (**Internal World**) and our interaction with everything outside us (**External World**). (Ref: Subject-Object Distinction)..
2
From: "Internal World (The Self)"
Split Justification: The Internal World involves both mental processes (**Cognitive Sphere**) and physical experiences (**Somatic Sphere**). (Ref: Mind-Body Distinction)
3
From: "Cognitive Sphere"
Split Justification: Cognition operates via deliberate, logical steps (**Analytical Processing**) and faster, intuitive pattern-matching (**Intuitive/Associative Processing**). (Ref: Dual Process Theory)
4
From: "Analytical Processing"
Split Justification: Analytical thought engages distinct symbolic systems: abstract logic and mathematics (**Quantitative/Logical Reasoning**) versus structured language (**Linguistic/Verbal Reasoning**).
5
From: "Linguistic/Verbal Reasoning"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates the receptive aspects of linguistic reasoning, involving the understanding and interpretation of spoken or written language, from the expressive aspects, which involve the formulation and production of spoken or written language. These are distinct, fundamental processes that together encompass all facets of verbal reasoning.
6
From: "Verbal Comprehension"
Split Justification: This split distinguishes between understanding the explicit, directly stated meaning of verbal information and understanding the unstated, implied, or deeper meaning that requires synthesis and deduction. These represent distinct levels of cognitive processing within overall verbal comprehension.
7
From: "Inferential Comprehension"
Split Justification: This split divides inference into understanding unstated social meaning and intent (Pragmatic & Discourse Inference) and evaluating the structural soundness of an argument (Logical Analysis).
8
From: "Logical Analysis"
Split Justification: Logical analysis operates by deriving specific certainties from general principles (Deductive Reasoning) or by forming probable generalizations from specific observations (Inductive Reasoning).
9
From: "Deductive Reasoning"
Split Justification: This split differentiates deductive reasoning based on its mode of expression and application. Formal Deductive Reasoning involves the explicit, often symbolic, application of logical rules and structures to derive conclusions, typically found in mathematics, philosophy, and computer science. Informal Deductive Reasoning applies the same principles within natural language and everyday contexts, where the logical structure might be less explicit but the necessity of the conclusion still holds. These two categories are largely mutually exclusive in their execution (formal systems vs. natural language arguments) but together comprehensively cover all instances of deductive reasoning.
10
From: "Informal Deductive Reasoning"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates the two primary modes of engaging with informal deductive reasoning: the receptive and analytical process of assessing the validity and soundness of existing arguments (evaluating), and the productive and generative process of formulating new arguments to derive conclusions (constructing). These two aspects are distinct yet together comprehensively cover the scope of informal deductive reasoning.
11
From: "Evaluating Informal Deductive Arguments"
Split Justification: Evaluating informal deductive arguments fundamentally involves two distinct processes: assessing whether the premises themselves are acceptable or credible, and then assessing whether the conclusion logically follows from those premises (the validity of the inference). These two aspects are mutually exclusive and together provide a comprehensive evaluation of the argument.
12
From: "Assessing Inferential Validity"
Split Justification: When assessing whether a conclusion necessarily follows from premises (inferential validity), one either evaluates the positive evidence for the strength and sufficiency of the support provided by the premises, or one identifies specific flaws and fallacies that undermine or break the inferential chain. These two approaches comprehensively cover the assessment of an argument's validity in informal deductive reasoning.
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Topic: "Examining the Strength of Support" (W5479)