1
From: "Human Potential & Development."
Split Justification: Development fundamentally involves both our inner landscape (**Internal World**) and our interaction with everything outside us (**External World**). (Ref: Subject-Object Distinction)..
2
From: "Internal World (The Self)"
Split Justification: The Internal World involves both mental processes (**Cognitive Sphere**) and physical experiences (**Somatic Sphere**). (Ref: Mind-Body Distinction)
3
From: "Somatic Sphere"
Split Justification: The Somatic Sphere encompasses all physical aspects of the self. These can be fundamentally divided based on whether they are directly accessible to conscious awareness and subjective experience (e.g., pain, touch, proprioception) or whether they operate autonomously and beneath the threshold of conscious perception (e.g., heart rate, digestion, cellular metabolism). Every bodily sensation, state, or process falls into one of these two categories, making them mutually exclusive and comprehensively exhaustive.
4
From: "Autonomic & Unconscious Somatic Processes"
Split Justification: ** All unconscious somatic processes are fundamentally regulated through either the dedicated neural pathways of the autonomic nervous system or through the intrinsic, self-regulating mechanisms of other physiological systems (e.g., endocrine, immune, cellular, local tissue systems). These two categories comprehensively cover all autonomous and unconscious bodily functions and are mutually exclusive in their primary regulatory mechanism.
5
From: "Autonomic Neural Regulation"
Split Justification: Autonomic neural regulation is fundamentally divided into the sympathetic nervous system, which primarily prepares the body for action and stress responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which primarily facilitates rest, digestion, and energy conservation. These two branches constitute the entirety of the autonomic nervous system, operating with largely opposing effects on target organs, making them mutually exclusive and comprehensively exhaustive for covering all aspects of autonomic neural regulation.
6
From: "Parasympathetic Neural Regulation"
Split Justification: The parasympathetic nervous system is anatomically and functionally defined by its neural origins, which are exclusively from either specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) or sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These two distinct outflow pathways comprehensively cover all sources of parasympathetic neural regulation, and any given parasympathetic pathway originates from one or the other, ensuring mutual exclusivity.
7
From: "Sacral Parasympathetic Outflow"
Split Justification: The sacral parasympathetic outflow primarily innervates organs within the pelvic cavity. These target organs and their functions can be fundamentally and exhaustively divided into those primarily responsible for the elimination of bodily waste (defecation and micturition via the distal colon, rectum, and bladder) and those primarily involved in reproduction and sexual function (genitalia and associated structures). These two categories represent distinct physiological domains regulated by the sacral parasympathetic system and are mutually exclusive in their primary functional roles.
8
From: "Sacral Parasympathetic Regulation of Pelvic Reproductive and Sexual Organs"
Split Justification: Human beings exhibit sexual dimorphism, meaning their reproductive and sexual anatomies are fundamentally distinct based on biological sex. The sacral parasympathetic outflow targets specific, sex-differentiated pelvic organs and tissues (e.g., penis/testes in males vs. clitoris/vagina/uterus in females) to regulate their respective reproductive and sexual functions. This split comprehensively covers all relevant organs and functions, as any individual's primary reproductive and sexual organs fall into one of these two mutually exclusive categories.
9
From: "Sacral Parasympathetic Regulation of Male Pelvic Reproductive and Sexual Organs"
Split Justification: The sacral parasympathetic nervous system fundamentally regulates two primary and distinct physiological processes within the male pelvic reproductive and sexual organs. One is the hemodynamic process of penile erection, crucial for sexual intercourse. The other involves stimulating the secretory activity of the accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands), which produce the fluid components of semen essential for reproduction. These two categories are mutually exclusive in their physiological mechanisms and comprehensively cover the principal functions mediated by sacral parasympathetic outflow to these specific male organs.
10
From: "Sacral Parasympathetic Regulation of Penile Erection"
Split Justification: The sacral parasympathetic nervous system induces penile erection through two primary and distinct neurotransmitter systems: cholinergic and nitrergic. Cholinergic regulation involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve terminals, which acts on muscarinic receptors to promote vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation, often indirectly via endothelial nitric oxide production. Nitrergic regulation involves the direct release of nitric oxide (NO) from nerve terminals, which directly relaxes smooth muscle cells in penile arteries and corpora cavernosa. These two neurochemical systems represent the fundamental and mutually exclusive primary pathways through which sacral parasympathetic innervation mediates penile erection, comprehensively covering the direct neural regulatory signals.
11
From: "Sacral Parasympathetic Nitrergic Regulation of Penile Erection"
Split Justification: The sacral parasympathetic nitrergic regulation of penile erection fundamentally comprises two distinct and sequential phases. The first involves the processes and mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO) from parasympathetic nerve terminals, determining the availability of this key signaling molecule. The second phase encompasses the subsequent intracellular signaling cascades and cellular responses within target penile tissues (primarily smooth muscle cells) that are directly mediated by this released neuronal NO, ultimately leading to vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation. These two categories are mutually exclusive, representing the upstream control of NO supply and the downstream cellular execution of its signal, and together they comprehensively cover all aspects of neuronal nitrergic regulation of erection.
12
From: "Sacral Parasympathetic Regulation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Release"
Split Justification: The regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis and release can be fundamentally divided into two distinct, sequential, and exhaustive categories. The first involves the upstream processes that initiate NO production, primarily focusing on how the parasympathetic nerve terminal becomes sufficiently depolarized to allow calcium influx, which is the immediate trigger for nNOS activation. The second category encompasses the internal, downstream biochemical mechanisms that directly modulate the activity of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) enzyme itself, as well as the availability of its essential substrates (L-arginine) and cofactors (BH4), within the nerve terminal. These two categories are mutually exclusive, covering the initial electrical/ionic trigger and the subsequent molecular/enzymatic execution, respectively, and together they comprehensively account for all aspects of controlling neuronal NO synthesis and release.
✓
Topic: "Intracellular Modulators of nNOS Activity and Substrate Availability" (W6773)