1
From: "Human Potential & Development."
Split Justification: Development fundamentally involves both our inner landscape (**Internal World**) and our interaction with everything outside us (**External World**). (Ref: Subject-Object Distinction)..
2
From: "Internal World (The Self)"
Split Justification: The Internal World involves both mental processes (**Cognitive Sphere**) and physical experiences (**Somatic Sphere**). (Ref: Mind-Body Distinction)
3
From: "Cognitive Sphere"
Split Justification: Cognition operates via deliberate, logical steps (**Analytical Processing**) and faster, intuitive pattern-matching (**Intuitive/Associative Processing**). (Ref: Dual Process Theory)
4
From: "Analytical Processing"
Split Justification: Analytical thought engages distinct symbolic systems: abstract logic and mathematics (**Quantitative/Logical Reasoning**) versus structured language (**Linguistic/Verbal Reasoning**).
5
From: "Linguistic/Verbal Reasoning"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates the receptive aspects of linguistic reasoning, involving the understanding and interpretation of spoken or written language, from the expressive aspects, which involve the formulation and production of spoken or written language. These are distinct, fundamental processes that together encompass all facets of verbal reasoning.
6
From: "Verbal Comprehension"
Split Justification: This split distinguishes between understanding the explicit, directly stated meaning of verbal information and understanding the unstated, implied, or deeper meaning that requires synthesis and deduction. These represent distinct levels of cognitive processing within overall verbal comprehension.
7
From: "Inferential Comprehension"
Split Justification: This split divides inference into understanding unstated social meaning and intent (Pragmatic & Discourse Inference) and evaluating the structural soundness of an argument (Logical Analysis).
8
From: "Logical Analysis"
Split Justification: Logical analysis operates by deriving specific certainties from general principles (Deductive Reasoning) or by forming probable generalizations from specific observations (Inductive Reasoning).
9
From: "Deductive Reasoning"
Split Justification: This split differentiates deductive reasoning based on its mode of expression and application. Formal Deductive Reasoning involves the explicit, often symbolic, application of logical rules and structures to derive conclusions, typically found in mathematics, philosophy, and computer science. Informal Deductive Reasoning applies the same principles within natural language and everyday contexts, where the logical structure might be less explicit but the necessity of the conclusion still holds. These two categories are largely mutually exclusive in their execution (formal systems vs. natural language arguments) but together comprehensively cover all instances of deductive reasoning.
10
From: "Formal Deductive Reasoning"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates formal deductive reasoning into its two foundational and primary logical systems. Propositional Logic analyzes arguments based on the truth values of atomic statements and their logical connectives, while First-Order Logic extends this by allowing quantification over individuals and properties, thus enabling reasoning about the internal structure of propositions and relations between entities. These systems are distinct in their expressive power and formal rules, and together they comprehensively cover the scope of classical formal deductive reasoning.
11
From: "Propositional Logic"
Split Justification: Propositional Logic can be fundamentally understood and analyzed through its formal structure and rules of formation (syntax), and its meaning and truth conditions (semantics). These two aspects are mutually exclusive in their focus yet together comprehensively define the entire scope of propositional logic.
12
From: "Semantic Aspects of Propositional Logic"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates the foundational process of defining meaning by assigning truth values to atomic propositions and extending them to compound formulas (truth assignments and interpretations) from the higher-level logical characteristics of formulas (semantic validity, e.g., tautology, satisfiability) and the deductive relationships between them (inference, e.g., logical consequence, equivalence).
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Topic: "Semantic Validity and Inference" (W7271)