1
From: "Human Potential & Development."
Split Justification: Development fundamentally involves both our inner landscape (**Internal World**) and our interaction with everything outside us (**External World**). (Ref: Subject-Object Distinction)..
2
From: "Internal World (The Self)"
Split Justification: The Internal World involves both mental processes (**Cognitive Sphere**) and physical experiences (**Somatic Sphere**). (Ref: Mind-Body Distinction)
3
From: "Cognitive Sphere"
Split Justification: Cognition operates via deliberate, logical steps (**Analytical Processing**) and faster, intuitive pattern-matching (**Intuitive/Associative Processing**). (Ref: Dual Process Theory)
4
From: "Analytical Processing"
Split Justification: Analytical thought engages distinct symbolic systems: abstract logic and mathematics (**Quantitative/Logical Reasoning**) versus structured language (**Linguistic/Verbal Reasoning**).
5
From: "Linguistic/Verbal Reasoning"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates the receptive aspects of linguistic reasoning, involving the understanding and interpretation of spoken or written language, from the expressive aspects, which involve the formulation and production of spoken or written language. These are distinct, fundamental processes that together encompass all facets of verbal reasoning.
6
From: "Verbal Comprehension"
Split Justification: This split distinguishes between understanding the explicit, directly stated meaning of verbal information and understanding the unstated, implied, or deeper meaning that requires synthesis and deduction. These represent distinct levels of cognitive processing within overall verbal comprehension.
7
From: "Inferential Comprehension"
Split Justification: This split divides inference into understanding unstated social meaning and intent (Pragmatic & Discourse Inference) and evaluating the structural soundness of an argument (Logical Analysis).
8
From: "Logical Analysis"
Split Justification: Logical analysis operates by deriving specific certainties from general principles (Deductive Reasoning) or by forming probable generalizations from specific observations (Inductive Reasoning).
9
From: "Deductive Reasoning"
Split Justification: This split differentiates deductive reasoning based on its mode of expression and application. Formal Deductive Reasoning involves the explicit, often symbolic, application of logical rules and structures to derive conclusions, typically found in mathematics, philosophy, and computer science. Informal Deductive Reasoning applies the same principles within natural language and everyday contexts, where the logical structure might be less explicit but the necessity of the conclusion still holds. These two categories are largely mutually exclusive in their execution (formal systems vs. natural language arguments) but together comprehensively cover all instances of deductive reasoning.
10
From: "Formal Deductive Reasoning"
Split Justification: This dichotomy separates formal deductive reasoning into its two foundational and primary logical systems. Propositional Logic analyzes arguments based on the truth values of atomic statements and their logical connectives, while First-Order Logic extends this by allowing quantification over individuals and properties, thus enabling reasoning about the internal structure of propositions and relations between entities. These systems are distinct in their expressive power and formal rules, and together they comprehensively cover the scope of classical formal deductive reasoning.
11
From: "First-Order Logic"
Split Justification: First-Order Logic, as a formal language system, is fundamentally defined by its rules for constructing well-formed expressions (syntax) and the methods for assigning meaning and truth values to those expressions (semantics). This dichotomy comprehensively covers the core components of the logic system, with syntax focusing on structure and semantics on interpretation.
12
From: "Semantics of First-Order Logic"
Split Justification: The semantics of first-order logic fundamentally involves two stages: first, defining the framework (an interpretation) that assigns meaning to symbols, and second, evaluating the truth of formulas and sentences within that defined framework, leading to concepts like logical consequence.
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Topic: "Truth Valuation and Consequence" (W7783)